Evidence for Learning: Improving literacy in lower primary

Improving literacy in lower primary

Eight recommendations to improve outcomes in literacy for lower primary students.

First Edition

Published

School Phase

Primary

This guide was developed by reviewing the best available international research and consulting experts, teachers, and academics to arrive at key principles for effective teaching of literacy.

This Guidance Report offers eight practical, evidence‑based recommendations – that are relevant to all students in lower primary – but particularly to those struggling with their literacy.

Students who are falling behind in literacy, come disproportionately from disadvantaged homes. A student in year 7 from the lowest quintile of social economic status (SES) is more than 10 times as likely to have reading skills below national minimum standard in comparison to a peer in the highest quintile of SES.

This guide is aimed primarily at subject leaders, principals, and other staff with responsibility for leading improvements in literacy teaching. It is not intended to provide a comprehensive guide to literacy recommendations but represents eight ​‘lever points’ where there is useful evidence about literacy teaching that schools can use to make a significant difference to students’ learning. The report focuses on pedagogy and approaches that are supported by good evidence; it does not cover all the potential components of successful literacy provision.

The guide focuses on improving the quality of literacy teaching. It is intended as an accessible overview of existing research with clear, actionable guidance and several key principles to consider. 

Summary of recommendations

  • Recommendation 1: Develop students’ speaking and listening skills and wider understanding of language.

  • Recommendation 2: Use an engaging approach to developing reading, which integrates both decoding and comprehension skills.

  • Recommendation 3: Effectively implement a systematic phonics program.

  • Recommendation 4: Teach students to use strategies for developing and monitoring their reading comprehension.

  • Recommendation 5: Teach students to use strategies for planning and monitoring their writing.

  • Recommendation 6: Promote fluent written transcription skills by encouraging extensive and effective practice and explicitly teaching spelling.

  • Recommendation 7: Use high-quality information about students’ current capabilities to select the best next steps for teaching.

  • Recommendation 8: Use high-quality structured interventions to help students who are struggling with their literacy.

Implementation

Evidence for Learning has produced another Guidance Report Putting Evidence to Work: A School’s Guide to Implementation which can be used as a guide as you plan to implement changes in your school relating to improving literacy.

Implementation can be described as a series of stages relating to thinking about, preparing for, delivering, and sustaining change. The section Acting on the evidence, suggests a range of strategies that you might find helpful in planning, structuring and delivering a whole‑school approach to literacy.

This Guidance Report and supporting materials are licensed under a Creative Commons licence as outlined below. Permission may be granted for derivatives, please contact Evidence for Learning for more information.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence.

Download the Guidance Report and poster

Further reading and resources