What is it?
This summary focuses on extending core teaching and learning time in schools and the use of targeted before and after school programs. Other approaches to increasing learning time are included in other sections of the Toolkit, such as Homework, Early years intervention and Summer schools.
The research focuses on three main approaches to extending teaching and learning time in schools:
- extending the length of the school year;
- extending the length of the school day; and
- providing additional time for targeted groups of students, particularly disadvantaged or low-attaining students, either before or after school.
How effective is it?
The evidence indicates that, on average, students make two additional months' progress per year from extended school time and in particular through the targeted use of before and after school programs. There is some evidence that disadvantaged students benefit more, making closer to three months’ additional progress. There are also often wider benefits for low-income students, such as increased attendance at school, improved behaviour, and better relationships with peers.
In addition to providing academic support, some school programs aim to provide stimulating environments and activities or develop additional personal and social skills. These programs are more likely to have an impact on achievement than those that are solely academic in focus. However, it is not clear whether this is due to the additional activities or to improved attendance and better engagement.
The research also indicates that attracting and retaining students in before and after school programs is harder at secondary level than at primary level. To be successful, any increases in school time should be supported by both parents and staff, and extreme increases (for example more than nine hours of schooling per day in total) do not appear to be additionally beneficial.
How secure is the evidence?
The evidence is moderately secure. Decisions to lengthen the school year or school day are often one component of wider approaches to school reform. This makes attributing any learning gains to the additional time itself difficult. Gains are not consistent across studies, indicating that additional time alone is not enough — it must be used effectively. Discrete or targeted programs are more likely to have been evaluated robustly than other ways of extending learning time, and even here there is substantial variation in impact.
Most of the evaluations of extending school time come from the USA. The reviews all note the need for more rigorous evaluations with outcome measures that demonstrate direct impact on learning. Evidence from the UK is relatively scarce.
What are the costs?
Overall, costs are estimated as moderate. The average cost of teaching a student is about $2,500 a year ($13 per day) in primary school and about $3,500 a year ($18 per day) in secondary. Extending the school year by two weeks would therefore require about $260 per student per year for primary schools and about $360 per student per year for secondary. Estimates suggest after school clubs cost, on average, $7 per session per student. A weekly session would therefore cost $273 per student over the course of a 39-week school year. The use of well-qualified and trained staff may increase these cost estimates.
What should I consider?
Planning to get the most from the extra time is important. It should meet students’ needs and build on their capabilities.
After school programs with a clear structure, a strong link to the curriculum, and well-qualified and well-trained staff are more clearly linked to academic benefits than other types of extended hours provision.
After school programs could give the opportunity to carry out some more intensive tuition (see entries for One to one or Small Group Tuition)
Enrichment activities without a specific focus on learning can have an impact on achievement, but the link is not well-established and the impact of different interventions can vary a great deal (see entries for Sports or Arts participation)
Have you explored how the quality of teaching and learning during school time can be improved? It might be cheaper and more efficient to try introducing more evidence-based programs or practices into the existing school day first.
